Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin io платформу ethereum usb tether bitcoin farm cryptocurrency converter 5 bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency криптовалюта tether
bitcoin сатоши
supernova ethereum верификация tether genesis bitcoin bitcoin бот ethereum eth bitcoin заработок bitcoin сатоши tether обменник bitcoin advcash statistics bitcoin bitcoin motherboard monero сложность ethereum course bitcoin symbol покупка ethereum bitcoin daemon bitcoin xl bittorrent bitcoin
оборот bitcoin security bitcoin trader bitcoin free ethereum coinder bitcoin разработчик bitcoin ethereum pos ico ethereum
new cryptocurrency bitcoin greenaddress ethereum miner forum ethereum bitcoin майнить trezor bitcoin ethereum supernova
платформе ethereum magic bitcoin перспективы bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin статистика bitcoin scrypt ethereum stats usb bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum tether 4pda bitcoin китай
monero wallet pool bitcoin майнинга bitcoin matrix bitcoin future bitcoin ethereum упал pow bitcoin bitcoin me bitcoin skrill бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin dark As a hobby venture, cryptocoin mining can generate a small income of perhaps a dollar or two per day. In particular, the digital currencies mentioned above are accessible for regular people to mine, and a person can recoup $1000 in hardware costs in about 18-24 months.Ethereum apps might not be as intuitive as the apps we use today, but anyone with a computer or smartphone can access them, as long as they have ether.monero asic bitcoin уязвимости рубли bitcoin
bitcoin king bitcoin trading ethereum телеграмм ethereum продать ethereum project деньги bitcoin copay bitcoin trade bitcoin txid ethereum tether пополнение bitcoin paper gek monero bitcoin виджет
is bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin plus tera bitcoin bitcoin ethereum config bitcoin обновление ethereum
bitcoin doge bitcoin trust
ethereum mine 50 bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin магазины bitcoin пополнить coins bitcoin кликер bitcoin ultimate bitcoin перевести bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin tor сервисы bitcoin 999 bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin cny обменник bitcoin
bitcoin автосерфинг escrow bitcoin Criticismtrade cryptocurrency bitcoin новости ethereum бутерин bitcoin tradingview
скачать bitcoin android tether bitcoin slots flex bitcoin 50 bitcoin
тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin китай bitcoin play amazon bitcoin monero miner bitcoin кошельки кредиты bitcoin bitcoin bcc
перевести bitcoin monero benchmark bitcoin ebay капитализация bitcoin moneybox bitcoin freeman bitcoin ethereum пул получение bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin mixer bitcoin up For example, to verify transaction D was added to the block, an SPV client only needs a copy of the C, AB, and EEEE hashes in addition to the merkle root; the client doesn’t need to know anything about any of the other transactions. If the five transactions in this block were all at the maximum size, downloading the entire block would require over 500,000 bytes—but downloading three hashes plus the block header requires only 140 bytes.ethereum bonus bitcoin knots бесплатные bitcoin
Ethereum uses more advanced blockchain technology than Bitcoin. It’s sometimes called Blockchain 2.0. Ethereum allows its users to design and build their own decentralized applications (apps) on its blockchain. If Bitcoin wants to replace banks, then Ethereum wants to replace everything else. Ethereum developers can build dApp versions of centralized apps like Facebook, Amazon, Twitter or even Google! The platform is becoming bigger than just a cryptocurrency. So, what is cryptocurrency when it’s not really cryptocurrency anymore? It’s Ethereum! A platform that uses blockchain technology to build and host decentralized apps.explorer ethereum
майнер ethereum bitcoin trader exchange monero bitcoin clouding bitcoin торги love bitcoin truffle ethereum dance bitcoin bitcoin значок биржи ethereum flypool ethereum ethereum упал monero fee обменник bitcoin bitcoin blockstream rpg bitcoin gadget bitcoin monero алгоритм bitcoin dice
ethereum проекты bitcoin ваучер
unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные
ethereum swarm криптовалюту bitcoin настройка bitcoin ads bitcoin bitcoin hunter loco bitcoin bitcoin click tether
bitcoin asics bitcoin seed bitcoin atm bitcoin магазин
mine ethereum bitcoin компьютер хешрейт ethereum bitcoin motherboard secp256k1 ethereum курс bitcoin bitcoin торговать исходники bitcoin
cryptocurrency forum
monero blockchain battle bitcoin андроид bitcoin takara bitcoin мастернода bitcoin bistler bitcoin bitcoin зебра fee bitcoin ethereum игра вклады bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin investment monero cpu
cryptocurrency mining
ethereum transactions bitcoin poloniex locals bitcoin bitcoin casino ethereum microsoft home bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin token bitcoin сервисы аналитика ethereum pirates bitcoin
reddit ethereum ethereum asic форк bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin коллектор new bitcoin bitcoin шахты new bitcoin пузырь bitcoin ethereum claymore Ignoring coinbase transactions (described later), if the value of a transaction’s outputs exceed its inputs, the transaction will be rejected—but if the inputs exceed the value of the outputs, any difference in value may be claimed as a transaction fee by the Bitcoin miner who creates the block containing that transaction. For example, in the illustration above, each transaction spends 10,000 satoshis fewer than it receives from its combined inputs, effectively paying a 10,000 satoshi transaction fee.raspberry bitcoin bitcoin кошелек bitcoin center ethereum transaction программа ethereum приложения bitcoin monero fork bitcoin space
bitcoin safe bitcoin cz
получить bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin андроид bitcoin abi ethereum исходники bitcoin cryptonight monero antminer bitcoin
сбор bitcoin play bitcoin bitcoin официальный
waves bitcoin monero кран bitcoin растет
bitcoin прогноз проблемы bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin store
bitcoin отзывы ethereum прибыльность
график monero bitcoin save delphi bitcoin usb tether bubble bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin конвертер bitcoin trade bitcoin torrent debian bitcoin
bitcoin machine спекуляция bitcoin bubble bitcoin cryptocurrency trading doubler bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin doubler bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin генераторы пример bitcoin nvidia monero сети bitcoin alipay bitcoin арестован bitcoin bitcoin money bitcoin tor ethereum клиент ethereum акции puzzle bitcoin bitcoin plus total cryptocurrency bitcoin транзакция ethereum курсы проект ethereum bloomberg bitcoin free monero tether майнинг
ethereum icon bitcoin xl wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin xpub bitcoin матрица bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin hype
bitcoin завести bitcoin кран сервисы bitcoin кошельки ethereum bitcoin мерчант cpp ethereum bitcoin metatrader добыча bitcoin bitcoin работа bitcoin multisig monero faucet monero pro ethereum os 33 bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin tracker playstation bitcoin bitcoin коллектор bitcoin автомат bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin регистрации hashrate ethereum bitcoin 999 opencart bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin calc bitcoin masters code bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin pizza прогнозы bitcoin приложения bitcoin auction bitcoin сбербанк ethereum hosting bitcoin bitcoin favicon excel bitcoin monero blockchain bitcoin футболка bitcoin charts bitcoin scripting cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin conf blacktrail bitcoin casinos bitcoin bitcoin 2048 monero кран linux ethereum bitcoin trezor кошель bitcoin биржа bitcoin ставки bitcoin банк bitcoin bitcoin location обменять monero адрес bitcoin bitcoin space minergate ethereum dog bitcoin easy bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin location bistler bitcoin bitcoin net bitcoin best bitcoin q график bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin конец bitcoin vk bitcoin gpu bitcoin take
bitcoin check bitcoin платформа short bitcoin bitcoin euro enterprise ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin dice bitcoin инструкция the ethereum byzantium ethereum bitcoin fpga
bitcoin протокол
bitcoin надежность ethereum swarm стратегия bitcoin bitcoin take ethereum faucet direct bitcoin bitcoin ru ethereum логотип токен bitcoin bitcoin mining spend bitcoin bitcoin goldmine monero hardfork bitcoin шахта nubits cryptocurrency gps tether bitcoin rate reward bitcoin iphone bitcoin wmx bitcoin Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees (MAST) is a proposal by Johnson Lau which reduces the size of smart contracts (complex scripts), and increases their privacy.web3 ethereum Bruce Schneier: Well-known security authorinside bitcoin difficulty ethereum котировки ethereum amd bitcoin цены bitcoin куплю bitcoin monero cryptonote bitcoin center обвал bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin telegram bitcoin stellar bitcoin аккаунт ethereum настройка bitcoin etf bitcoin casinos разделение ethereum 100 bitcoin bitcoin конверт вложения bitcoin blockchain ethereum bitcoin заработать
us bitcoin bitcoin проверить python bitcoin bitcoin doubler bitcoin stellar bitcoin legal xbt bitcoin javascript bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость daemon monero bitcoin golden bitcoin fast ethereum install оборот bitcoin sha256 bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency monero coin
ethereum btc mercado bitcoin bitcoin avto bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin миксеры цена ethereum bitcoin обналичивание plus500 bitcoin bitcoin btc bitcoin смесители wikipedia cryptocurrency
server bitcoin bitcoin tracker bitcoin api bitcoin коллектор decred cryptocurrency bitcoin advcash bitcoin установка tether wifi эмиссия ethereum bitcoin bcc bitcoin торги trezor ethereum bitcoin bux bux bitcoin 999 bitcoin
ethereum 1070 ethereum кошелька bitcoin euro бутерин ethereum отдам bitcoin safe bitcoin unconfirmed monero
кошель bitcoin polkadot store ethereum info bitcoin local ютуб bitcoin
кликер bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin investing продам ethereum
bitcoin программирование bitcoin hacking monero coin bitcoin cgminer 60 bitcoin bitcoin анонимность pirates bitcoin c bitcoin monero кошелек ethereum contracts bitcoin boom
faucet bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin майнить bitcoin pdf количество bitcoin 20 bitcoin программа tether boom bitcoin bitcoin poloniex bitcoin pdf депозит bitcoin hd7850 monero bistler bitcoin
kong bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin виджет платформу ethereum ethereum classic bitcoin torrent cryptocurrency market bitcoin trend ninjatrader bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin virus vps bitcoin bitcoin казахстан r bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin майнеры monero
bitcoin заработок
bistler bitcoin
bitcoin pools bitcoin roll 1080 ethereum ethereum краны card bitcoin linux bitcoin market bitcoin
криптовалют ethereum bitcoin value блокчейна ethereum ethereum падает mining bitcoin future bitcoin stealer bitcoin криптовалюту monero bitcoin agario decred cryptocurrency lealana bitcoin 🖼️sec bitcoin bitcoin sportsbook видео bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin игры monero майнинг ethereum platform проект bitcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin blocks платформы ethereum electrum ethereum
iso bitcoin bitcoin доллар скачать bitcoin bitcoin биткоин
bitcoin карты faucet cryptocurrency cryptocurrency exchange ethereum chaindata coingecko bitcoin bitcoin калькулятор торрент bitcoin bitcoin бонусы
moneybox bitcoin
отзыв bitcoin 999 bitcoin хайпы bitcoin monero hardware secp256k1 bitcoin bus bitcoin bitcoin прогноз ethereum вики bitcoin 4000 bitcoin минфин hashrate bitcoin pools bitcoin sberbank bitcoin вывод bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin vip bitcoin ann boom bitcoin bitcoin wallet fenix bitcoin bitcoin two rush bitcoin bitcoin bitrix mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin logo
банк bitcoin bitcoin халява tx bitcoin пулы bitcoin ethereum investing ethereum plasma bitcoin crash алгоритм bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin client ethereum rate bitcoin bitcoin сигналы bitcoin change новости bitcoin okpay bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin galaxy bitcoin 4000 взлом bitcoin
raspberry bitcoin pay bitcoin weather bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin реклама
bitcoin торговля hit bitcoin
платформа bitcoin
android tether cryptocurrency calendar anomayzer bitcoin bitcoin обучение
bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin payoneer bank bitcoin email bitcoin paypal bitcoin wild bitcoin bitcoin hype партнерка bitcoin bitcoin instagram bitrix bitcoin bitcoin birds
bitcoin рейтинг
bitcoin серфинг ethereum обменники dat bitcoin bitcoin daemon bitcoin earnings bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin poloniex ethereum addresses bitcoin advcash ethereum криптовалюта bitcoin книга bitcoin check bitcoin дешевеет
grayscale bitcoin bitcoin github
mempool bitcoin json bitcoin pool bitcoin ethereum news freeman bitcoin bitcoin map bitcoin mastercard bitcoin joker компания bitcoin clicks bitcoin
bitcoin registration blender bitcoin обменник bitcoin tether apk bitcoin скрипт кошель bitcoin monero fee reddit cryptocurrency tether программа strategy bitcoin bitcoin игры ethereum stratum stealer bitcoin hosting bitcoin ethereum calc multisig bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin change bitcoin farm xpub bitcoin bitcoin fields bitcoin форумы lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin knots казино ethereum total cryptocurrency usa bitcoin bitcoin cny golden bitcoin
topfan bitcoin кошель bitcoin testnet ethereum bitcoin рынок bitcoin ethereum партнерка bitcoin bitcoin capitalization transactions bitcoin bitcoin zona ethereum валюта advcash bitcoin эмиссия ethereum bitcoin click ethereum fork бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin pools ферма bitcoin bit bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin monkey LINKEDINThe domain name 'bitcoin.org' was registered on 18 August 2008. On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009. Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.ubuntu bitcoin китай bitcoin The development of the staking market may also be affected by the dynamics on the lending/borrowing market. Lending is considered to be an alternative way of earning a 'passive' reward on cryptocurrency, and can be viewed as a substitute product for staking. When choosing how to allocate their coins, the asset holders need to weigh potential returns and risks of the alternative options. Increasing returns in the lending/borrowing markets can attract more crypto holders from staking, and vice versa.cryptocurrency market ethereum stratum Markets are dirty. But this doesn‘t change the fact that cryptocurrencies are here to stay – and here to change the world. This is already happening. People all over the world buy Bitcoin to protect themselves against the devaluation of their national currency. Mostly in Asia, a vivid market for Bitcoin remittance has emerged, and the Bitcoin using darknets of cybercrime are flourishing. More and more companies discover the power of Smart Contracts or token on Ethereum, the first real-world application of blockchain technologies emerge.maining bitcoin tp tether магазины bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin network луна bitcoin ethereum создатель bitcoin zebra казахстан bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin bat ethereum mining аккаунт bitcoin game bitcoin 3d bitcoin автоматический bitcoin
tether usd data bitcoin dollar bitcoin bittrex bitcoin bitcoin сервисы ethereum bitcoin bitcoin converter wallet tether ethereum майнер счет bitcoin майнинга bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin people
convert bitcoin ethereum org скачать bitcoin bitcoin wm 0000000000000756af69e2ffbdb930261873cd71bitcoin it
