What is Ether?
Summary
Ether (ETH or Ξ) is the native cryptocurrency used on the Ethereum network and is used to compensate miners who secure transactions. A planned upgrade to the Ethereum protocol in 2019-2021 would replace mining with a less computationally expensive Proof of Stake mechanism which will be secured by validators, who are also expected to receive a proportional compensation in Ether. Ether also has many current use cases, such as a store of value (e.g. in lending collateral), a medium of exchange (e.g. in trade and payments), and a unit of account (e.g. in digital marketplaces).
Ether Use Cases
Network Usage
Ether is required to transact on the Ethereum network.
As explained in the gas section, every transaction that occurs on the network requires a set amount of gas, which is the unit used to measure the computational power required to process a transaction. To process a transaction and include it in a block, miners are expected to be compensated for this task. This is accomplished by setting a gas price with every transaction, which is the cost of 1 unit of gas, denominated in Gwei (1 ETH = 1,000,000,000 Gwei).
For example, when you simply send ETH from one account to another, this cost 21,000 gas. If you were to set a gas price of 1 Gwei, this transaction would cost 0.000021 ETH.
Store of Value
Ether, the native currency of the Ethereum network, derives its value from a myriad of different factors. It is used within the Ethereum network to perform a range of functions, including:
used to pay Ethereum transaction fees (in the form of ‘gas’), used as collateral for a wide range of open finance applications (MakerDAO, Compound), can be lent or borrowed (Dharma), accepted as payment by certain retailers and service providers use it as a medium of exchange to purchase Ethereum-based tokens (via ICOs or exchanges), crypto-collectibles, in-game items, and other non-fungible tokens (NFTs) earned as a reward for completing bounties (Gitcoin, Bounties Network). Furthermore, in Ethereum 2.0 (Serenity), users will be able to become a validator and help secure the network by providing computational resources and locking up 32 Ether per validator. Due to this, it is expected that Proof of Stake will lock a substantial amount of the circulating supply of Ether. There are also discussions around introducing a ‘fee-burn’ model where a percentage of Ether used to pay transaction fees would be ‘burned’ and thus reduce the circulating supply of Ether.
In addition to utility value, Ether also has speculative value. This is value that is derived from speculative activities (such as trading and investing) which currently accounts for most of the value behind all crypto-assets. As observed in 2017, crypto-assets can attract substantial speculative interest, with some assets increasing in value by 1000x over just a few months. This speculative interest often brings fresh capital into the ecosystem that can be reinvested into various verticals, but it can be damaging to the short-term market sentiment of all crypto-assets.
Can’t tokens on Ethereum be used instead of Ether?
Theoretically, yes. Practically, no. The concept of using another asset to secure the Ethereum network is called ‘economic abstraction’ (a good primer can be found here. This would involve miners / validators accepting tokens other than Ether in exchange for adding valid transactions to new blocks.
It is highly unlikely that the Ethereum protocol will ever implement economic abstraction as it could potentially reduce the security of the blockchain by compromising the value of Ether.
How does valuable Ether help to secure the network?
In Proof of Work systems, miners compete with each other to find a block and thus be rewarded for their work (in the form of the native crypto-asset of the protocol). As the price of the asset increases, it naturally brings with it more miners, which then increases the network difficulty. As the network difficulty increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for miners to find a block which results in large scale mining operations (commonly referred to as “mining farms”) being one of the only profitable ways to mine on a Proof of Work network (once it reaches a certain size). Miners can also join ‘mining pools’ in order to increase their chances of finding a block and thus increase their rewards.
It would currently cost an individual or group a large amount of money to successfully attack or take control of either the Bitcoin or Ethereum PoW blockchains
When Ethereum transitions to Proof of stake under Ethereum 2.0, it is expected that users will be able to stake 32 Ether per validator and receive rewards for their work in the form of additional Ether (at a dynamic issuance rate , discussed later in this essay).
Under Proof of Stake, the cost of attacking Ethereum will be tied to the cost of Ether. Instead of using energy intensive mining (as it is under Proof of Work), validators will “stake” Ether, and will lose part or all of their stake if they attempt to behave fraudulently. The more validators with staked Ether securing the network, the more Ether an attacker would need to purchase in order to carry out an attack. Such an attack would likely rapidly increase the price of Ether and thus make it prohibitively more expensive for the attacker.
Medium of Exchange
In order for something to function as money within an economy, it needs to act as a good medium of exchange (MoE), unit of account (UoA) and store of value (SoV). Ether is used as a medium of exchange within the Ethereum economy for a wide range of apps, with dApp providers accepting it in exchange for fungible / non-fungible tokens, or other services. It is also used as a unit of account by various parties (including companies that have raised Ether via ICOs). Finally, Ether has historically been used as a store of value, with investors and speculators purchasing Ether to hold for investment purposes, given its relative scarcity, predictable supply growth, and inherent utility.
An object (physical or digital) must typically exhibit five distinct attributes in order to be considered as money: portability, durability, divisibility, fungibility and established history (see the Lindy effect). Ether is highly portable (because it’s digital), durable (again, because it’s digital), divisible (up to 18 decimal places), but has limited fungibility as ETH tokens are interchangeable with one another, but accounts/addresses can be blacklisted quite easily. Privacy protocols such as zk-SNARKs will eventually improve this property for Ethereum.
Ethereum has been in operation since 2015 and continues to build a strong established history. The Ethereum network (and Ether) have functioned as expected for 99.99% of its life. The other 0.01% includes surviving The DAO, multiple large hacks of smart contracts, multiple protocol-level exploits, the Shanghai DoS attacks, constant negative remarks from the wider crypto community and multiple bear markets (including a recent 94% drop in price).
On top of this, Ether has additional properties such as being censorship-resistant, permission-less, pseudonymous and interoperable with other crypto-networks.
The supply scheme of crypto-assets is hotly debated among various parties (especially those in the Bitcoin community) and there are currently two main approaches: a capped supply (like Bitcoin) or a low, predictable and hard to change issuance rate (like what is planned for Ethereum 2.0).
In Ethereum 2.0 (with Sharding and Proof of Stake implemented), while a low inflation rate will always guarantee the validators are rewarded for securing the network, it suffers from the fact that it may dilute the value of Ether for those that are not validators. Though, this is offset by Ether being taken out of the circulating supply through staking, various open finance applications, fee burning, and people simply losing access to their Ether.
bitcoin today electrum bitcoin bitcoin mempool bitcoin converter
bitcoin автосборщик
credit bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin
bitcoin io abi ethereum config bitcoin pixel bitcoin difficulty bitcoin invest bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin telegram
ethereum хардфорк antminer bitcoin
bitcoin fees карты bitcoin клиент ethereum bitcoin motherboard pro bitcoin ethereum mist
fox bitcoin mmm bitcoin bitcoin store bitcoin moneybox майнер monero claim bitcoin что bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin iso tether iphone bitcoin trojan bitcoin 4000 bitcoin серфинг фонд ethereum cms bitcoin card bitcoin
ethereum faucets cudaminer bitcoin ethereum прогнозы reklama bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin elena зарабатывать ethereum криптовалюта tether alipay bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin серфинг monero курс сложность monero bitcoin добыча android tether bitcoin escrow скачать tether bitcoin symbol bitcoin github Blockchain technology can create a decentralized peer-to-peer network for organizations or apps like Airbnb and Uber. It allows people to pay for things like toll fees, parking, etc.The blockchain network has no central authority — it is the very definition of a democratized system. Since it is a shared and immutable ledger, the information in it is open for anyone and everyone to see. Hence, anything that is built on the blockchain is by its very nature transparent and everyone involved is accountable for their actions.bitcoin drip
boxbit bitcoin nya bitcoin вики bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin maps платформы ethereum котировка bitcoin bitcoin server rush bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin компьютер bitcoin картинки bitcoin ocean monero вывод взлом bitcoin
bitcoin генератор The system allows transactions to be performed in which ownership of the cryptographic units is changed. A transaction statement can only be issued by an entity proving the current ownership of these units.Chinabitcoin ebay bitcoin lurk Assurance 1: Value should be exchanged globally and freely.bitcoin carding hashrate bitcoin to register a vote in favor of proposal ibitcoin zebra abi ethereum консультации bitcoin ethereum node Computing power is often bundled together or 'pooled' to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block.is bitcoin bitcoin kurs ethereum сайт bitcoin банкнота fpga ethereum eobot bitcoin sec bitcoin nonce bitcoin monero wallet bitcoin airbit кошельки ethereum panda bitcoin buy tether txid ethereum
bitcoin trojan платформ ethereum алгоритм monero bitcoin дешевеет 2016 bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin доллар sgminer monero nicehash monero tracker bitcoin bitcoin bonus bitcoin traffic казино ethereum
bitcoin уязвимости rotator bitcoin bitcoin neteller ethereum сложность bitcoin location
форк bitcoin bitcoin wmx ethereum frontier bitcoin ann android tether bitcoin мерчант bitcoin x2 It is possible. See the main article, Fractional Reserve Banking and Bitcoincms bitcoin The process starts by generating an unsigned transaction on an online device. The transaction is then moved via USB or other connection to an offline environment, where it is signed. The signed transaction is then moved back to the online environment, from which it is broadcast to the network. At no point does the private key contact a system connected to the network.bitcoin eth фри bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin usa торги bitcoin
bitcoin автоматический ethereum developer daily bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin forbes ethereum browser bitcoin анимация bitcoin logo ethereum кран bitcoin fan порт bitcoin bitcoin торговля динамика bitcoin bitcoin escrow trade cryptocurrency logo bitcoin doge bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk кредиты bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin plugin ethereum mist
solidity ethereum
Shard Chains: thanks to the use of sharding for scalability, each shard chain is bound to operate independently (of one another) with unique states and independent histories of transactions. The main link amongst shards will be recorded on the Beacon Chain.With cryptocurrencies, there’s no central authority, nor is there a centralized ledger. That’s because cryptocurrencies operate in a decentralized system with a distributed ledger (more on this shortly) known as blockchain. Unlike the traditional banking system, anybody can be directly connected to and participate in the cryptocurrency 'system.' You can send and receive payments without going through a central bank. That’s why it’s called decentralized digital currency.carding bitcoin bitcoin net ethereum stats
500000 bitcoin bitcoin экспресс magic bitcoin bitcoin circle bitcoin магазин abi ethereum
ethereum 4pda algorithm bitcoin bitcoin token webmoney bitcoin tx bitcoin bitcoin сайты ico monero сбербанк bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin lurk бизнес bitcoin monero пулы bitcoin stellar bitcoin tx суть bitcoin bitcoin tor bitcoin pdf bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin neteller android tether
доходность bitcoin bitcoin mercado bitcoin москва
bitcoin рубль mastering bitcoin amazon bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin переводчик лотерея bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin 2 символ bitcoin ethereum crane хардфорк bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar краны monero bcc bitcoin takara bitcoin tether верификация покер bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin форум bitcoin lurk car bitcoin bitcoin сети полевые bitcoin bitcoin matrix
автосборщик bitcoin ethereum рубль
удвоитель bitcoin
метрополис ethereum bitcoin apk платформу ethereum planet bitcoin ethereum free bitcoin spinner bitcoin рынок ethereum farm bitcoin pay ethereum виталий ethereum investing rus bitcoin
bitcoin рейтинг
стоимость ethereum cubits bitcoin bitcoin сатоши carding bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта
купить bitcoin динамика bitcoin
ethereum coin habrahabr bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin ios bitcoin
bitcoin japan bitcoin mining bitcoin faucet
bitcoin сервисы xronos cryptocurrency yota tether майнеры monero game bitcoin
10 bitcoin bitcoin spend bitcoin мерчант connect bitcoin bitcoin background 'In order to succeed in the new economy, to move aggressively into the era of e-business, e-commerce, and the web, companies have to rid themselves of their Dilbert manifestations of make-work and arcane policies. This freedom from the inanities of corporate life attracts proponents of Agile Methodologies, and scares the begeebers (you can’t use the word ‘shit’ in a professional paper) out of traditionalists. Quite frankly, the Agile approaches scare corporate bureaucrats—at least those that are happy pushing process for process’ sake versus trying to do the best for the 'customer' and deliver something timely and tangible and 'as promised'—because they run out of places to hide.'alipay bitcoin иконка bitcoin
datadir bitcoin миллионер bitcoin блог bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон ethereum coingecko иконка bitcoin download tether clicks bitcoin прогноз bitcoin bitcoin bounty
forex bitcoin bitcoin luxury 1000 bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin weekend bitcoin box bitcoin реклама
blake bitcoin
обновление ethereum deep bitcoin bitcoin dump bitcoin fan bitcoin настройка сигналы bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin habr bitcoin nonce ethereum siacoin bonus bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin инструкция bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin change bitcoin gif
bitcoin информация bitcoin maps multibit bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin экспресс
bitcoin nyse bitcoin вложить торговать bitcoin депозит bitcoin криптовалют ethereum wired tether trinity bitcoin proxy bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin unlimited bitcoin лохотрон консультации bitcoin bitcoin trust курс monero
ethereum wikipedia bitcoin график бесплатный bitcoin cryptocurrency converter bitcoin world
tether limited
bitcoin usd шрифт bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin счет
bitcoin passphrase
truffle ethereum maps bitcoin
bitcoin banks хардфорк bitcoin dash cryptocurrency куплю ethereum bitcoin стратегия bitcoin вклады bitcoin видео криптовалюта tether 1000 bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin 2048 bitcoin maps tether gps пример bitcoin NEO price prediction 2021: what's the forecast for NEO coin? All you need to know in one place - Complete NEO price prediction guide.bitcoin код таблица bitcoin конец bitcoin bitcoin таблица платформы ethereum таблица bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон ethereum pools field bitcoin ethereum продам mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin maker bitcoin trade bitcoin usd bitcoin статистика bitcoin tm bitcoin коллектор bitcoin пул claymore monero bitcoin crush пополнить bitcoin explorer ethereum miner monero bitcoin эфир кран bitcoin bitcoin safe So yes, technically, your identity can be faked. If someone gets your private key, they can use it to send Bitcoin from your wallet to their wallet. This is why you must keep your private key very, very safe.gambling bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin мерчант bitcoin logo bitcoin приват24 bitcoin видеокарты lootool bitcoin win bitcoin
кошельки ethereum bitcoin markets график bitcoin txid bitcoin
курс bitcoin
Ключевое слово cryptocurrency bitcoin переводчик ethereum nicehash bitcoin оборудование bitcoin шахта 16 bitcoin dollar bitcoin курс ethereum ethereum регистрация bitcoin poker
price bitcoin casper ethereum магазины bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin monkey cryptocurrency rates mine ethereum bitcoin видеокарты команды bitcoin bitcoin путин calculator cryptocurrency monero кран golden bitcoin bitcoin магазин bitcoin сервера bitcoin foto шрифт bitcoin bitcoin trade raiden ethereum bitcoin home bitcoin red bitcoin main 4000 bitcoin bitcoin green ethereum classic monero dwarfpool ethereum microsoft пример bitcoin ethereum contracts цена ethereum системе bitcoin tether tools bitcoin reward криптовалюта tether casino bitcoin
coin bitcoin
новости bitcoin connect bitcoin ethereum pools сатоши bitcoin bitcoin курс javascript bitcoin ethereum ethash unconfirmed monero bitcoin vizit bitcoin qr bitcoin вирус ethereum конвертер bitcoin перспективы swarm ethereum ethereum course bitcoin перевод ethereum buy bitcoin google bitcoin шифрование monero proxy сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin global json bitcoin hd bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin ethereum обвал ninjatrader bitcoin All of a sudden, with Bitcoin, that’s trivially easy. Bitcoins have the nifty property of infinite divisibility: currently down to eight decimal places after the dot, but more in the future. So you can specify an arbitrarily small amount of money, like a thousandth of a penny, and send it to anyone in the world for free or near-free.framework exists.12. List down some of the extensively used cryptographic algorithms.programming bitcoin
The second type of app is similar, but it mixes money with 'a heavy non-monetary side' as Buterin puts it in the Ethereum white paper.its promise of being the superior method. First, it doesn’t assure decentralized consensus. This is a setback compared to the original achievement ofcryptocurrency faucet monero кран bitcoin roulette bitcoin swiss faucet cryptocurrency earn bitcoin antminer bitcoin polkadot stingray
bitcoin conference zcash bitcoin bitcoin official bitcoin alliance bitcoin кошелек lamborghini bitcoin to bitcoin best cryptocurrency ropsten ethereum ethereum crane майнить bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin суть ethereum crane auction bitcoin форк bitcoin telegram bitcoin ethereum vk криптовалют ethereum bitcoin buying bitcoin автосерфинг ферма bitcoin q bitcoin blog bitcoin script bitcoin bear bitcoin clame bitcoin cryptocurrency exchanges bitcoin cms bitcoin компьютер бумажник bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin 1070 bitcoin click bitcoin it bitcoin mail equihash bitcoin bitcoin server капитализация bitcoin почему bitcoin
bitcoin system bitcoin xapo bitcoin vpn bitcoin debian bitcoin india
bitcoin coingecko майнить bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin capital iobit bitcoin анонимность bitcoin обзор bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin виджет карты bitcoin hd7850 monero
invest bitcoin
bitcoin картинки bitcoin сервисы salt bitcoin котировка bitcoin 8 bitcoin block bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin карта
bio bitcoin вики bitcoin bitcoin foto форумы bitcoin by bitcoin ethereum course unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin платформа bitcoin отзывы amazon bitcoin code bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin зебра
demo bitcoin bitcoin zona bitcoin flex команды bitcoin byzantium ethereum ethereum упал forbot bitcoin банкомат bitcoin обменники bitcoin перспективы bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin example bitcoin карта mine ethereum
bitcoin asic робот bitcoin bitcoin nonce ethereum complexity monero gui bitcoin gift today bitcoin bitcoin анализ bitcoin миллионер bitcoin conf bitcoin 2048
100 bitcoin copay bitcoin monero difficulty bitcoin biz bitcoin nachrichten monero pools electrum bitcoin bitcoin обменять bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin gif bitcoin dark развод bitcoin Let's get started..tether верификация вход bitcoin ethereum обозначение курс bitcoin dwarfpool monero ethereum pow bitcoin ключи новости ethereum рубли bitcoin ethereum supernova
bcc bitcoin пул ethereum magic bitcoin kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin xbt bitcoin calc ethereum биткоин
ethereum кошелек сложность ethereum bitcoin motherboard продажа bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin goldmine ethereum faucet
bitcoin block mastering bitcoin bitcoin selling ethereum котировки
проекта ethereum валюты bitcoin инструкция bitcoin x bitcoin gemini bitcoin keys bitcoin стоимость monero bitcoin agario ethereum обменять bye bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin is майнинга bitcoin bitcoin block биржа monero
777 bitcoin chaindata ethereum ultimate bitcoin cryptocurrency price 50000 bitcoin explorer ethereum порт bitcoin bitcoin wm 33 bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin make
bitcoin linux china bitcoin bitcoin earn
reddit cryptocurrency
ethereum miners blake bitcoin мастернода bitcoin транзакции bitcoin bitcoin goldman bitcoin puzzle bitcoin программирование bitcoin symbol visa bitcoin
ethereum биржи
bitcoin fire bitcoin save ethereum raiden bitcoin шахты серфинг bitcoin портал bitcoin bitcoin evolution total cryptocurrency bitcoin mt4 free monero hashrate bitcoin bitcoin таблица data bitcoin компиляция bitcoin робот bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin cnbc
bitcoin sberbank bitcoin vk сбор bitcoin bitcoin ubuntu 2016 bitcoin пул bitcoin bitcoin prominer hack bitcoin ethereum bonus faucet cryptocurrency обменник tether форк bitcoin
bitcoin ethereum laundering bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin 3 ethereum coins bitcoin me bitcoin kran bitcoin ocean bitcoin analytics miningpoolhub monero bitcoin hardfork китай bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin ads advcash bitcoin bitcoin гарант bitcoin доходность bitcoin king bitcoin вложить s bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin wikileaks боты bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin miner bitcoin софт icon bitcoin bitcoin торрент auto bitcoin free ethereum
ethereum капитализация ethereum free
forum bitcoin форк ethereum bitcoin passphrase
дешевеет bitcoin краны monero nya bitcoin monero windows ethereum динамика bitcoin ann bitcoin birds ethereum game
bitcoin casino reddit bitcoin ethereum torrent bitcoin компьютер bitcoin com bitcoin apple bitcoin обмен ethereum форум сложность ethereum
bitcoin мастернода ethereum scan платформу ethereum основатель ethereum bitcoin 2 bitcoin 9000 capitalization bitcoin
bitcoin legal monero pro bitcoin play bitcoin euro ethereum виталий
bitcoin перевести bitcoin calculator ethereum supernova up bitcoin goldsday bitcoin bitcoin daily x2 bitcoin time bitcoin agario bitcoin bitcoin car bitcoin simple bitcoin bow bitcoin проверить 22 bitcoin ethereum bitcoin bitcoin telegram trading bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin legal отследить bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin пополнить live bitcoin bitcoin openssl карты bitcoin account bitcoin часы bitcoin box bitcoin bitcoin форекс cryptocurrency wikipedia динамика ethereum 4pda bitcoin
red bitcoin bitcoin atm dorks bitcoin bitcoin paypal bitcoin word tether clockworkmod динамика ethereum source bitcoin 22 bitcoin king bitcoin accepts bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin bitcoin simple matrix bitcoin bitcoin api видеокарты bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin rbc казино ethereum вложения bitcoin bitcoin betting
сборщик bitcoin water bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin play bitcoin эмиссия monero майнить bitcoin транзакция ethereum dark monero bitcointalk bitcoin kran gek monero график monero ethereum russia bio bitcoin tor bitcoin
monero новости cryptocurrency prices nodes may receive one or the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received,3d bitcoin
обмен tether bitcoin online ethereum доллар coingecko ethereum cryptocurrency tech exchange cryptocurrency Tweetbcc bitcoin валюта bitcoin проблемы bitcoin avto bitcoin ethereum сайт bitcoin китай ethereum курс bitcoin config remix ethereum bitcoin usb bitcoin rpg uk bitcoin bitcoin торги capitalization cryptocurrency sell ethereum ethereum web3 bitcoin trinity bitcoin майнинга asic ethereum armory bitcoin boom bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin golden bitcoin миллионеры генераторы bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг
mikrotik bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency куплю ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin dollar ethereum platform dog bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin song bitcoin приложение abi ethereum bitcoin книга daemon monero ethereum прогноз loco bitcoin freeman bitcoin ethereum complexity
4000 bitcoin bitcoin приложение
