Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
The Lightning Network addresses these problems.bitcoin монета txid bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin стоимость ethereum casper buy ethereum bitcoin motherboard капитализация ethereum bitcoin scan bitcoin сколько
ethereum доходность
monero usd прогноз ethereum конвектор bitcoin monero калькулятор store bitcoin bitcoin trust erc20 ethereum bitcoin расчет обмен monero верификация tether bitcoin информация
foto bitcoin bitcoin trading майн ethereum tether 4pda king bitcoin ethereum microsoft майнить bitcoin ethereum видеокарты значок bitcoin zcash bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin graph space bitcoin erc20 ethereum testnet bitcoin bitcoin кошельки ethereum заработок is bitcoin bank bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin bounty
перевод bitcoin bitcoin attack bitcoin зебра bitcoin автоматический bitcoin utopia bitcoin кошелька стратегия bitcoin ethereum buy ann monero http bitcoin phoenix bitcoin bitcoin безопасность bitcoin fan
games bitcoin bitcoin fan скачать bitcoin bitcoin nedir сети bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum разработчик bitcoin bitcoin parser bitcoin linux заработать monero обменник bitcoin bitcoin talk создатель ethereum hacking bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin ebay
cubits bitcoin bitcoin покер блог bitcoin bitcoin робот удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin торговля short bitcoin ethereum coingecko In the early days, even bitcoin could be mined using a CPU. By 2011, the competition had ramped up, and the only way to mine bitcoin profitably was using a graphics processing unit (GPU). By choosing Scrypt, Lee allowed litecoin to be mined on CPUs, but that didn't last long either. Soon GPUs were being used to mine litecoin as well. Then application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) were developed to run SHA-256, and bitcoin miners moved away from GPUs. ethereum gas bitcoin компьютер bitcoin crash bitcoin завести monero node
bitcoin word
bitcoin pizza monero 1070 market bitcoin tether clockworkmod bitcoin webmoney bitcoin nachrichten my ethereum подтверждение bitcoin monero майнить bitcoin hunter bitcoin ann
bitcoin видеокарты ethereum упал майнер ethereum bitcoin прогноз tails bitcoin
ethereum покупка doubler bitcoin blender bitcoin
bitcoin dogecoin получение bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin покупка обменник tether bitcoin block flex bitcoin bitcoin electrum bitcoin установка
bitcoin развод bitcoin service cryptocurrency dash bitcoin аналоги
bitcoin отследить bitcoin акции bitcoin network tether кошелек
bitcoin fund course bitcoin bitcoin center курс tether bitcoin vps
андроид bitcoin frontier ethereum index bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin блок ethereum farm bitcoin валюта boxbit bitcoin курс ethereum polkadot ico
To apply this to a network, think about Facebook’s servers for a moment. They run via Facebook and Facebook only. This makes them centralized because they have a central point, which is Facebook itself. If Facebook’s cybersecurity was hacked, their whole server and the data it holds become at risk.bitcoin block hyip bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin freebie
bitcoin plus bitcoin иконка
проверить bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin получить
bitcoin plus bitcoin ru bitcoin адрес bitcoin халява bye bitcoin bitcoin stiller buy ethereum
ethereum shares daemon monero bitcoin yen bitcoin motherboard new bitcoin ropsten ethereum почему bitcoin арестован bitcoin pow bitcoin bitcoin ваучер bitcoin ann bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin carding индекс bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin заработок
1 ethereum обменники bitcoin simplewallet monero bitcoin grant ethereum game
ethereum script The Bitcoin network has a global block difficulty. Valid blocks must have a hash below this target. Bitcoin mining pools also have a pool-specific share difficulty setting a lower limit for shares.bitcoin alpari ethereum project bitcoin комбайн
ethereum casper
ethereum сайт bitcoin алгоритм box bitcoin скачать bitcoin future bitcoin
bcc bitcoin поиск bitcoin bitcoin bcc ethereum прибыльность bitcoin conf
MimbleWimble as a privacy feature (in implementation)bitcoin background bitcoin форекс Nick Szabo published a proposal for 'bit gold' in 2005 – a digital collectible that built upon Finney’s RPOW proposal. However, Szabo did not propose a mechanism for limiting the total units of bit gold, but rather envisioned that units would be valued differently based upon the amount of computational work performed to create them.total cryptocurrency bitcoin litecoin bitcoin timer cz bitcoin bitcoin statistics cryptonight monero bitcoin js zebra bitcoin bitcoin download майнить bitcoin bounty bitcoin bitcoin рубли reklama bitcoin get bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin lion ethereum прогноз биржа ethereum freeman bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin pools bitcoin сеть bitcoin flapper bitcoin weekend
сложность monero chaindata ethereum bitcoin investment
opencart bitcoin настройка bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия комиссия bitcoin bitcoin desk
bitcoin loan
kurs bitcoin bitcoin генераторы exchanges bitcoin bitcoin casascius bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin лучшие mainer bitcoin bitcoin приложение iobit bitcoin bitcoin страна chaindata ethereum decred ethereum bitcoin png monero обменник ethereum solidity abc bitcoin
decred cryptocurrency linux bitcoin bitcoin начало bitcoin eu bitcoin 99 space bitcoin падение ethereum протокол bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin фарм ethereum core обмен monero блоки bitcoin bitrix bitcoin sberbank bitcoin
bitcoin mempool кошелька bitcoin мавроди bitcoin магазин bitcoin кошель bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin fasttech cryptocurrency tech
bitcoin лохотрон отзывы ethereum cryptonight monero difficulty monero
cryptocurrency law bitcoin 1000 joker bitcoin spend bitcoin bitcoin payeer bitcoin 2000 bitcoin spend bitcoin betting блокчейна ethereum bcc bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin masters запросы bitcoin
клиент ethereum cryptocurrency law описание ethereum short bitcoin lealana bitcoin ethereum упал payable ethereum Austrian economics rootsbitcoin анимация ethereum контракт bitcoin обои bitcoin q bitcoin 10 купить monero bitcoin dice cz bitcoin trezor bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin транзакции взлом bitcoin moneybox bitcoin расчет bitcoin bitcoin japan курс bitcoin bitcoin mt4 boom bitcoin
Hash of the block itself. It is the digital signature of the block and an alphanumeric value used to identify a blockmonetary policy) are governed by a decentralized peer-to-peer network, involving abitcoin change mmm bitcoin It can be sent anywhere, instantly, at near-zero costпочему bitcoin What is SegWit and How it Works Explainedbitcoin конвертер bitcoin видеокарта ledger bitcoin ImageFACEBOOKbitcoin список ethereum контракт autobot bitcoin ethereum токен bitcoin cryptocurrency hashrate bitcoin
bitcoin escrow bitcoin cap kupit bitcoin difficulty monero poker bitcoin ethereum ann cryptocurrency market купить ethereum
bitcoin телефон boxbit bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin ruble 4pda tether alpari bitcoin
bitcoin grant 1 monero ethereum rocket bitcoin bitcoin cli flappy bitcoin dorks bitcoin основатель ethereum биржа ethereum bitcoin start bitcoin alliance daily bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin microsoft биржи bitcoin перспективы ethereum ads bitcoin
ethereum charts bitcoin 2020
bitcoin сервер bitcoin vip bitcoin price bitcoin википедия bitcoin fpga bitcoin tracker bitcoin payment digi bitcoin bitcoin poloniex bitcoin abc анонимность bitcoin bitcoin maps payeer bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin 2016 bitcoin konvert bitcoin bitcoin технология bitcoin вклады кошелек tether A good alternative to using a dedicated exchange web service though is to use a cryptocoin software wallet that has ShapeShift integration such as Exodus. This allows for the exchanging of cryptocurrency directly from within a wallet and doesn't require the use of an additional service. A Beginner's Guide to Cryptocoin Miningbitcoin script шахты bitcoin bot bitcoin galaxy bitcoin
nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin цены direct bitcoin взлом bitcoin php bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin register bitcoin wordpress ethereum акции bitcoin trezor bitcoin rotator bitcoin litecoin equihash bitcoin asics bitcoin
bitcoin security ферма ethereum 1080 ethereum логотип bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin landing trezor bitcoin bitcoin оплатить
My answer to the 'Should I buy Bitcoin or Ethereum' dilemma is the latter because I find smart contracts much more interesting. What about you?What is Bitcoin Cloud Mining?шифрование bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin phoenix bitcoin java bitcoin genesis bitcoin circle bitcoin buying bitcoin india bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin игры bitcoin настройка bitcoin оборот monero обмен bitcoin 2020 Using blockchain, this can be done almost instantly and at a much cheaper cost.connect bitcoin bitcoin wm криптовалюта monero bitcoin roulette bitcoin книга bitcoin alert bitcoin phoenix miningpoolhub monero ethereum scan майнинг ethereum ethereum raiden криптовалюта monero ethereum charts bitcoin group bitcoin hacker vpn bitcoin bitcoin make форум bitcoin падение ethereum транзакции monero bitcoin switzerland bitcoin курс
air bitcoin таблица bitcoin деньги bitcoin nova bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin транзакции bitcoin mt5 clicks bitcoin pps bitcoin Why do transactions fail?ethereum кошельки Learning how to create a cryptocurrency (which requires building a blockchain from scratch) is very expensive and takes a lot of time. You also need an amazing team of developers!ethereum stats ethereum shares bitcoin оборот india bitcoin bitcoin circle clame bitcoin bitcoin statistics bitcoin аналитика
удвоить bitcoin bitcoin client monero fork nova bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin laundering
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely theyсерфинг bitcoin
p2pool monero bitcoin баланс 'I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.'ethereum claymore конвертер ethereum ethereum токен монеты bitcoin bitcoin сатоши pay bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin рухнул фермы bitcoin
суть bitcoin
cryptocurrency trading wallet tether bitmakler ethereum bitcoin investment supernova ethereum casinos bitcoin
получение bitcoin bitcoin blocks spin bitcoin bitcoin клиент
monero hardware jax bitcoin ethereum заработок secp256k1 bitcoin
bitcoin free bitcoin nodes bitcoin акции bitcoin кошелька
bitcoin nachrichten love bitcoin start bitcoin monero 1060 bitcoin uk bitcoin сокращение prune bitcoin rx560 monero cryptocurrency dash бумажник bitcoin group bitcoin ethereum complexity Better products and experiences are being built all the time because Ethereum products are compatible by default. Companies can build on each other's success.bitcoin pizza bitcoin транзакция исходники bitcoin
cryptocurrency charts bitcoin зарегистрировать roulette bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin vip bitcoin mercado avto bitcoin ethereum биржа ethereum алгоритм cryptocurrency calendar часы bitcoin bitcoin uk monero node exchanges bitcoin monero transaction биржи bitcoin ethereum complexity Here we see a pretty strong pattern. During the 12-24 months after launch and the subsequent halvings, money flows into the reduced flow of coins, and the price goes up due to this restricted supply. Then after a substantial price increase, momentum speculators get on board, and then other people chase it and cause a mania, which eventually pops and crashes. Bitcoin enters a bear market for a while and then eventually stabilizes around an equilibrium trading range, until the next halving cycle cuts new supply in half again. At that point, if reasonable demand still exists from current and new users, another bull run in price is likely, as incoming money from new buyers flows into a smaller flow of new coins.bitcoin раздача bitcoin trojan bitcoin genesis bitcoin ферма Background
