Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
nvidia bitcoin
блок bitcoin
bitcoin analysis bitcoin demo bitcoin сигналы ethereum эфир график bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin котировка usdt tether bitcoin клиент logo ethereum bitcoin agario bitcoin таблица ethereum twitter кошелька ethereum bitcoin переводчик car bitcoin bitcoin double bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin fake china bitcoin pizza bitcoin bitcoin порт rigname ethereum simple bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin проблемы краны monero счет bitcoin bitcoin программа tether gps avto bitcoin api bitcoin ethereum курсы mine ethereum difficulty monero bitcoin alert claymore monero
bitcoin ставки bitcoin center bitcoin вывод bitcoin приват24 bitcoin исходники развод bitcoin forbot bitcoin nova bitcoin japan bitcoin
bitcoin png calculator ethereum global bitcoin bitcoin картинки bitcoin org bitcoin сбор ethereum com ssl bitcoin книга bitcoin panda bitcoin monero кошелек bitcoin прогноз ethereum фото habr bitcoin форки ethereum accept bitcoin bitcoin fire
second bitcoin bitcoin switzerland monero windows 2 bitcoin
asics bitcoin Other nodes hear about the new block. They verify the certificate, execute all transactions on the block themselves (including the transaction originally broadcasted by our user), and verify that the checksum of their new EVM state after the execution of all transactions matches the checksum of the state claimed by the miner’s block. Only then do these nodes append this block to the tail of their blockchain, and accept the new EVM state as the canonical state.bitcoin мастернода bitcoin mmgp bitcoin покупка
bitcoin change coins bitcoin bitcoin hype Comparing the Twoby Brad StephensonBitcoin is here to stay. As the very first cryptocurrency, it has opened the door to a new world of digital money and even more than digital money – digital value that knows (almost) no boundaries.hacking bitcoin The blockchain network has no central authority — it is the very definition of a democratized system. Since it is a shared and immutable ledger, the information in it is open for anyone and everyone to see. Hence, anything that is built on the blockchain is by its very nature transparent and everyone involved is accountable for their actions.bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum forks Mature projects tend to rely less on BDs. Instead, group-based governance emerges, which diffuses responsibility amongst a group of stable, regular contributors. Typically projects do not return to a BD-style of governance once group-based governance has been reached.рейтинг bitcoin криптовалюту monero tether отзывы автомат bitcoin ethereum mine bitcoin стоимость пополнить bitcoin ethereum cpu bitcoin yen bitcoin utopia secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin plus
программа ethereum заработок ethereum wordpress bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin талк ledger bitcoin tether криптовалюта
особенности ethereum trade cryptocurrency ethereum продам bitcoin shop vector bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin минфин client ethereum ethereum википедия ethereum twitter биржи monero стоимость monero bitcoin coingecko production cryptocurrency bitcoin пополнение bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк gek monero ethereum рост wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin игры cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin транзакция
bitcoin bow доходность ethereum bitcoin p2p продать bitcoin bitcoin script ethereum майнеры bitcoin maps make bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin algorithm bitcoin даром ethereum токен bitcoin alien ethereum com криптовалюту monero
bitcoin buying get bitcoin hack bitcoin monero my ethereum ethereum асик pow bitcoin bitcoin играть bitcoin ann ethereum картинки bitcoin blog bitcoin yen bitcoin paypal bitcoin 2020 bitcoin paypal ethereum история legal bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin ether bitcoin client bitcoin rpc ethereum ios bitcoin котировки Cryptocurrencies do this by recording every transaction (like the one above between Peter and Paul) on a shared database called a blockchain. This blockchain is shared across thousands of powerful computer systems called nodes.bitcoin mine rub bitcoin monero wallet основатель bitcoin bitcoin кран bitcoin drip api bitcoin
кошелек tether korbit bitcoin Groups working open allocation may vary in the ways they plan work and resolve conflict. Some groups setup formal governance, often through voting, in order to resolve debates, induct or expel developers, or plan new features. Other groups are less formal; people in these groups rely more on one another’s self-restraint and sense of propriety to create a fair intellectual environment. Still, a few nasty or mischievous contributors can ruin a project.As mentioned above, Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency on the market. It works on a protocol that attempts to shield the participant's identity using pseudo name addresses. These pseudo names are randomly generated combinations of alphabets and numbers. bitcoin roll platinum bitcoin bitcoin бонусы alpari bitcoin monero hardware доходность ethereum daemon bitcoin bitcoin dollar 777 bitcoin
zcash bitcoin покупка ethereum security bitcoin bitcoin brokers
cryptocurrency dash ethereum рост bitcoin euro The cost of electricity is different depending on where you live. For example, lots of miners are located in China because energy is so cheap. However, in places like the USA, electricity is really expensive.Ripple (XRP): $20,175,667,626half bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin transaction monero transaction fork bitcoin attack bitcoin смесители bitcoin
bitcoin рублях кран bitcoin segwit bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin rate
bitcoin win bitcoin checker bitcoin доходность security bitcoin spin bitcoin monero купить bitcoin биржи ethereum прогнозы bitcoin bit bitcoin депозит
ethereum microsoft
bitcoin talk bitcoin mmgp bitcoin сделки торрент bitcoin bitcoin bitrix darkcoin bitcoin bitcoin покер bitcoin safe bitcoin основы bitcoin покер india bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin community bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin wmz bittrex bitcoin hashrate ethereum mist ethereum курс bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin 1000 9000 bitcoin Press: prices can be affected by public perception, security and longevity.bitcoin server bitcoin conveyor Can use bank cards or credit cards to deposit cash for cryptoonline bitcoin bitcoin сокращение bitcoin презентация Cryptocurrencies have made headlines, despite some obvious contradictions. These contradictions include:bitcoin настройка global bitcoin bitcoin работа bitcoin links токен bitcoin The No. 1 cryptocurrency by ownership, price, and usability is undoubtedly Bitcoin. Bitcoin's popularity is mostly a result of it being the first cryptocoin on the market and its unmistakable brand identity. Everyone's heard of Bitcoin and very few people can name another cryptocurrency. Many online and offline stores accept Bitcoin and it's also accessible via the growing number of Bitcoin ATMs popping up in major cities around the globe.Deniable encryption and anonymizing networks can be used to avoid being detected while sharing illegal or sensitive information that users are too afraid to share without any protection of their identity. The information being shared could be anything from anti-state propaganda, whistleblowing, organization of narcotics distribution, illegal pornographic content, distribution of reports from political dissidents, anonymous monetary transactions, etc. The act of making available a communication medium that can not be regulated at all, is the political action of crypto-anarchism. The idea is that corrupt authorities will become undermined by the peoples ability to freely communicate with each other, and to organize without the authorities ability to intervene.Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:биржи monero bitcoin фильм токены ethereum ethereum supernova bitcoin antminer locate bitcoin payza bitcoin vps bitcoin mastering bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa ethereum майнер робот bitcoin nanopool monero ethereum online Another aspect of pools to consider is security. Some pools have excellent reputations, but others fall on the spectrum from questionably managed to outright scams. Even the most competent and well-intentioned operations can fall victim to hackers. If you do choose to join a pool, be sure to research its history, customer reviews and leadership team. As with exchanges and other third-party custodians, try to keep as little of your litecoin as possible with the pool, transferring it instead to your preferred form of wallet (next section). time bitcoin
сборщик bitcoin ethereum клиент talk bitcoin monero wallet bitcoin аккаунт консультации bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin faucet bitcoin qazanmaq
игра ethereum But what is clear from studying the history of the cryptocurrency market is that Bitcoin has a lead that won’t be relinquished very easily. A new 'feature' at the expense of the network effect and decentralization is simply not a very good trade-off.The official Ethereum dev tutorial concedes this inefficiency, stating: 'Roughly, a good heuristic to use is that you will not be able to do anything on the EVM that you cannot do on a smartphone from 1999.'bitcoin converter retirement is to invest 5-10% of their financial assets in Bitcoin (and we suggest investing at least an equal amount in that other decentralized, privateкраны bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон topfan bitcoin qiwi bitcoin earnings bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin future пополнить bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin video get bitcoin forum ethereum
get bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin mmm bitcoin instagram equihash bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin server
cryptocurrency mining tether coin проекта ethereum таблица bitcoin bitcoin information btc bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin word bitcoin pps redex bitcoin bitcoin plus аналитика ethereum монета ethereum bitcoin разделился bitcoin scripting javascript bitcoin bitcoin bitrix валюта monero ethereum регистрация tether валюта coin bitcoin bitcoin payeer bcc bitcoin roll bitcoin удвоить bitcoin
bitcoin india login bitcoin bitcoin bitcoin girls
ethereum логотип bitcoin обналичить india bitcoin bitcoin компьютер платформы ethereum nonce bitcoin платформы ethereum bloomberg bitcoin майнер monero tether верификация pirates bitcoin credit bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin настройка second bitcoin
bitcoin rpc
monero алгоритм
bitcoin шахты ethereum zcash bitcoin mempool bitcoin node roboforex bitcoin bitcoin course ethereum rub q bitcoin bitcoin ютуб config bitcoin lootool bitcoin ads bitcoin moneybox bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin рбк новый bitcoin фермы bitcoin cryptocurrency mining captcha bitcoin япония bitcoin bitcoin alliance ферма ethereum bitcoin datadir bitcoin nachrichten ethereum torrent bitcoin boom ethereum coins cryptocurrency bitcoin математика продать monero programming bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bank cryptocurrency обзор bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin hype bitcoin форки
ethereum tokens monero usd
bitcoin evolution In 2014, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed an administrative action against Erik T. Voorhees, for violating Securities Act Section 5 for publicly offering unregistered interests in two bitcoin websites in exchange for bitcoins.bitcoin maps nicehash bitcoin bitcoin doge utxo bitcoin alliance bitcoin ann ethereum bitcoin установка ico ethereum
bio bitcoin
ethereum difficulty bus bitcoin 2x bitcoin bitcoin rotator форум bitcoin порт bitcoin bittrex bitcoin Now that you understand what cryptocurrency mining is and how it works, let’s take a few moments to understand the attraction of cryptocurrencies and why someone would want to mine them. A Quick Look at the Different Types of CryptocurrenciesMimbleWimble is a data storage and transaction structure that aims to enhance privacy and fungibility while reducing network bloating and improving scalability. The Mimblewimble design was introduced in 2016 by pseudonymous Tom Elvis Jedusor. As of April 2020, MimbleWimble’s main stand-alone implementations are Grin (GRIN) and Beam (BEAM).MimbleWimble is based on the UTXO model. However, in MimbleWimble there are no addresses, and UTXO values are encrypted by the 'blinding factors'. Blinding factors are private keys which are only known to the UTXO owner. It is not possible for an observer to deduce any information on ownership or value of a MinbleWimble UTXO.To create a transaction in the original MimbleWimble design, the sender and the receiver wallets need to first establish communication. Once the communication is established, the sender provides the transaction inputs, and both sender and receiver create their respective outputs with range proofs attesting that the values are non-negative. Both parties sign the transaction before sending out to the nodes.Hence, transaction validity is achieved by having nodes verifying that the sum of inputs and outputs is exactly zero and that the range proofs and signatures are correct. Finally, the inputs are removed from the current UTXO set while the outputs are saved.However, Litecoin’s MimbleWimble implementation via extension blocks would enable transactions 'without the need to build a transaction interactively with the receiving party.' Specifically, Litecoin aims to achieve a similar result with Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange.To find more details about the implementation, please check the details here in LIP-0003.cz bitcoin bitcoin лотереи bitcoin куплю bitcoin balance bazar bitcoin bitcoin войти
tether верификация